Feminism Vs Queer theory Essay

The book by Catherine Churchill titled ‘Cloud Nine’ gives knowledge into the two totally different kinds of social orders in the two demonstrations of the book and portrays the adjustment in the characters as far as their gentility and sexual direction. The various variables affecting the lives of the qualities like influence, riches and governmental issues just as their particle fulfillments levels in various connections have been examined using satire and the craft of narrating. The book features the ideas of women's liberation and strange hypothesis through its substance and the manner in which the lives of the characters happen in the two distinct demonstrations of the book. Women's liberation is fundamentally characterized as the change or direction towards ladies strengthening. It is comprised of the social, social just as the political changes, developments and assorted speculations which contribute towards fairness among makes and females and features the equivalent rights development for the ladies. The premise of women's liberation is the exhalation of the situation of ladies in the general public. Strange Theory then again is a part of sexual orientation contemplates which relates to the gay and lesbian examinations. This field is explicit to assorted sexual direction in ladies and takes its establishment structure the woman's rights development and hypothesis itself. The tendency towards woman's rights in the book and the play of Cloud Nine is express as portrays how the ladies are abused in the Victorian time to such an extent that they are compelled to camouflage themselves as men to shroud their ladylike personality when surrendering to their solid nature and desire. The play plainly and expressly portrays the distinctions in the jobs of the ladies and the men in the Victorian period, and in the cutting edge time, in this manner delineating how they have changed to a degree, yet not as much as they ought to have. in the main demonstration the play fiercely portrays the male arranged society by starting with a greeting for the male sexual orientation, and present the insinuate of intensity, in setting of financial matters as held by men in the general public. Beside this the play likewise portrays the situation of the ladies in history as the compliant sex. This set up the idea that the job and social development of the females in the general public is an item a greater amount of history and convention than of their own capacities, along these lines fortifying the idea of women's liberation. The strange hypothesis is developed by the creator in the play however the confounded sexual direction of the characters and the cross dressing and job inversion among the cast in the play. â€Å"Churchill obviously planned to bring up issues of sex, sexual direction, and race as ideological issues; she achieved this generally by cross-dressing and job multiplying the entertainers, in this manner estranging them from the characters they play. † (Worthen, 807). The characters in the play like those of Gerry the gay man and the lesbian mother give the substance of the strange hypothesis. Truth be told it can even be referenced that Cloud Nine is an expressly eccentric play. The structure of the play is mistaking for the crowd just as the perusers because of the job inversions by the characters, and the language utilized in the play is profoundly arranged towards the portrayal of woman's rights and eccentric hypothesis. The play obviously calls attention to the basic issues in the social orders relating to ladies persecution, women’s rights just as gay pride and sexual direction of the people. Also the play is profoundly political in nature as it will in general stun the crowd and the perusers through the introduction and the jobs played by the characters. Overall anyway the play contributes towards the artistic personality advancement of ladies in the cutting edge society. References Barry, P. , ‘Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory (Beginnings)’, Manchester University Press, (2002) , ISBN-10: 0719062683 Caslin, S. , ‘Feminism and post-colonialism’, got to March 15, 2008 from <http://www. qub. air conditioning. uk/schools/SchoolofEnglish/supreme/key-ideas/women's liberation and-postcolonialism. htm> Churchill, C. , ‘Cloud Nine’, Nick Hern Books, (1989), ISBN-10: 1854590901 Marx, K. , ‘The Communist Manifesto: Complete with Seven Rarely’, Filiquarian Publishing, (2005), ISBN 1599869950 Worthen, W. B. , ‘The Wadsworth Anthology of Drama’, Heinle, (2003), ISBN-10: 0838407501

Creating an Academic Budgeting Scheme for Chris Essay Example for Free

Making an Academic Budgeting Scheme for Chris Essay A student’s passage into a college could involve a ton of things. For example, it implies that an understudy, in this specific case Chris, would need to live away from his mother and move into a semi-free condition. It could subsequently be considered as a groundwork for the new what might be on the horizon. Chris needs a great deal of changes to have the option to adjust. He needs to increasingly dependable in this new section in his life, bringing along the entirety of the fundamental qualities that he learned after growing up. He will have needs, generally scholarly in nature. Chris must have a lot of tending to these necessities with little reliance from his mother since he currently lives all alone. This involves extra duties which perhaps new to him. Chris isn't a disengaged situation with regards to planning in a college. Everyone experienced those adjustments and the procedures and means included may differ from individual to individual. The thing that matters is, Chris isn't from a wealthy family. He needs to spending his assets well, if not, he will wind up starving actually. The case gives us that Chris has a quarterly costs that midpoints into $1500. The idea of dealing with his own funds during his days in school can presumably be the most pivotal thing for Chris to completely welcome the ideas that the subjects presents. It is in this time he could state that he have learned things the most difficult way possible. Discovering answers for his budgetary problems may fill in as a guide for his towards his future choices. These equivalent choices will instruct Chris to think a considerable amount of times before he spend, remembering the functional utilizations of what he will realize in his days in school. Life has a method of telling us that things are not lasting and that can be learned in school the most difficult way possible. State Chris has a $500 recompense left. On the off chance that he spent portion of that today, he will languish over the remainder of the quarter. Another idea of budgetary administration which could appropriately be applied here is the idea of reserve funds. Sparing or rather distributing accounts for every day of the week is one thing Chris could viably do so as to endure (Sebastian United States. Government Accountability Office. , 2006). Taking the transport for example in going to grounds as opposed to utilizing his vehicle could be a decent beginning. He will at that point spare gas costs. Be that as it may, regardless, those investment funds the majority of the occasions fill in as a cradle or a fallback each time he may ran low. Presumably one of the best methods of overseeing Chris’ accounts is the meticulous errand of posting his costs on one of his note pads which he could peruse over by the day's end in order to survey his spending designs. It could truly help him a great deal in dealing with the cash he has and in this way encourages him in going through the following day or something like that. That don’t mean Chris needs to do the charge and credit thing however at any rate he knows where the cash goes. Many individuals can be very idiotic on occasion particularly with regards to spending remittances from our folks. We have them first day in the week and we live like heroes spending it like we don’t care. Nothing’s truly off-base on the off chance that we do it, regardless the cash is there to be spent yet it won’t hurt on the off chance that we would reconsider before spending (Farr, Shatkin, JIST Works Inc. , United States. Dept. of Labor. , 2007). One idea in Financial Management that Chris could apply is the idea of choices. Indeed, a few things can not so much be kept away from when it is before us. For instance, his scholastic costs, Chris could utilize the library and think that its pragmatic than being in a web bistro. Possibly it is, however imagine a scenario in which there is a less expensive one around simply sitting tight for us to take note. For instance, Chris may discover a house to remain in at a large portion of the expense in college residences. He won’t think that its except if he searches for it. Besides, Chris needs to distinguish open doors as they show up with the end goal for him to have the option to get a handle on control of his wellspring of subsidizing beside the school credit board and his mother (Financial Management Association International. , 2000). As he proceeds onward to his autonomy, Chris likewise needs to make sure about a steady wellspring of salary. $750 per month of leeway of his accountabilities is a promising comment and that could involve a great deal from this chap who is moving toward budgetary development. Openings along these lines are important. For example, since he enjoys gaming, going to shows and joining competitions could be a wellspring of salary. In the event that Chris is great at it, he could well get by out of it in school. The open door cost anyway ought to be thought about well as he additionally needs to take care of his scholastics. This is one thing that Chris must not have the option to overlook regardless of whether he needs to work to help himself. As his instructor stated, â€Å"Nothing wandered, nothing picked up. †

Mindprint is Coming to A+!

(Part one of a two-part series.) Mindprint is now available from A+ Test Prep and Tutoring! What is Mindprint? Do you ever wonder why Evan’s tests don’t reflect what he knows? Why is Autumn so motivated in math but so reluctant to do her nightly reading? You can find out why. Mindprint will provide insight into how your child navigates his or her academic environment, which will ultimately help develop her abilities to their full potential. Mindprint Learning, LLC is the brainchild of Harvard grad Nancy Weinstein, co-founder and CEO. The Mindprint Assessment itself was developed by neuroscientists at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH). Its main goal is to serve as a blueprint for more individualized instruction by offering insight into how a student learns. Mindprint empowers students and educators with the knowledge of which strategies will help students learn and work most efficiently. Mindprint gives you a personalized portrait of your child’s cognitive strengths and challenges. Cognitive skills are the underlying skills that drive all academic learning. They tell us how a student reasons, remembers, processes, and focuses. This information can guide your family’s educational and organizational decisions to support your child’s academic success. The keystone of Mindprint is the Learner Profile: an in-depth, individualized analysis that provides insight across four domains of learning and ten cognitive skills. Domains of learning ideally complement each other. The domain of memory, for example, is integral to the domain of complex reasoning. A student may understand perfectly how to apply the mathematical formula to find the area of a circle. However, if she cannot remember the formula, her comprehension of it is moot. Cognitive skill categories function as subsets of learning domains. For example, the domain of complex reasoning includes verbal reasoning, abstract reasoning, and spatial perception. Josh has good verbal reasoning; he understands what he reads and develops well thought-out essays. Carrie has good abstract reasoning skills; she grasps new mathematical concepts and can connect those to what she already has learned. In addition to the Learner Profile, Mindprint assembles a customized Personalized Learning Plan and online â€Å"Toolbox† for each student. The plans and toolbox work together. In the words of its developers, the system functions as a â€Å"road map† for your student’s future progress. In fact, parents and students are offered a wealth of resources tailored to the student’s individual academic needs. What is the benefit of using Mindprint? Stated clearly by the organization, it is to ensure that your child is â€Å"more efficient and productive in school and learning in general.† If you are interested in finding out how Mindprint can boost your student’s academic career, please call us. We are happy to meet with you to answer questions and discuss your individual plans and goals. (Part two of this series will detail how A+ will be incorporating Mindprint’s expertise into our test preparation curriculum.) At A+ Test Prep and Tutoring, our focus is always on you. Our practices are based on the latest developments in educational theory and research. We have an excellent team of tutors who can help you with standardized testing, executive functioning, or achievement in any other school subject. If you would like more information, our Client Service Directors Anne Stanley and Susan Ware are available to answer questions and provide solutions. You may reach either of them by calling A+ Test Prep and Tutoring at 215-886-9188.

Richard Attenborough s Film Gandhi - 1098 Words

Richard Attenborough’s film Gandhi (1982) unveils the saga of the greatest Indian freedom fighter and political activist Mahatma Gandhi. Attenborough presents a realistic and chronological record of the events in Gandhi’s life related with Indian Independence Movement. He made Ben Kingsley, the popular British actor enacting the role of Gandhi. The film opens by showing the end of Gandhi, after being shot by a Hindu fanatic and his burial with thousands of people mourning. The burial scene of Gandhi in the film clearly shows it as a national tragedy and Gandhi as the father of the nation. The opening statement of the film, – No man s life can be encompassed in one telling. There is no way to give each year its allotted weight, to include each event, each person who helped to shape a lifetime. What can be done is to be faithful in spirit to the record and try to find one s way to the heart of the man – shows the respect of Attenborough to Gandhi and a glimp se to the way he is going to present Gandhi’s legendary freedom movement. The director resorts to a flash back mode in this film. After portraying the last episodes in Gandhi’s life, he then moves on to sketch the life of Gandhi as a young barrister in Africa. Gandhi faces the first bitter experience here in Africa while travelling in the first class train compartment. Though he possessed the reservation ticket, he was thrown out of the train due to the fact that the first class is reserved for the Europeans. He had toShow MoreRelatedRichard Attenborough s Film Gandhi1007 Words   |  5 Pagesfamous (in today s world Celebrity is usually used to identify someone in sports or entertainment sector). A political leader seemed to be a celebrity according to this meaning and that is the reason why I selected Gandhi, as celebrity. The specific text that I worked on was Richard Attenborough s movie Gandhi released in the year 1982. There are lot of other sources about Gandhi. One could work on Gandhi s autobiography or other forms of literary narratives that explains Gandhi as a celebrity.

The Outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War, An Outline - 826 Words

In the fall of 1980, one of the largest and most destructive conflicts to occur since the end of the second world war started between the states of Iran and Iraq. Lasting eight years, the war left approximately 1.5 million dead and around a million casualties with thousands of refugees fleeing both nations. †¢ Cost up to $1,000,000,000 monthly †¢ Total cost to date may exceed $300,000,000,000 †¢ (Swearingen, 1988) Using three levels of analysis - the individual, domestic and systemic - the causes of the conflict will be analysed and prove the aforementioned hypothesis. VARIABLES: †¢ Geopolitical: 1. Some contend the it was about 105 km. long Shatt al-Arab boundary (not definitive) others say it was only a pre-text for escalating hostilities 2. Structural changes in the Middle East Establish a Pax Arabia with Iraq as the dominant regional power in the Middle East †¢ ORIGINS/CAUSES: †¢ Some contend the it was about 105 km. long Shatt al-Arab boundary. 5 pieces of info support this: 1. Iraq and Irans predecessors have been fighting for centuries over the Shatt al-Arab waterway 2. The most recent boundary treaty signed in 1975 was a source of deep humiliation for Iraq -- forced to accept the treaty because the Iranians supported Kurdish revolts that threatened to tear apart Iraq and possibly deprive it of its greatest oil producing region. In exchange for Iranian support in ending the revolt, Iraq gave up a large part of the vital waterway.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Conflict in South Sudan1784 Words   |  8 PagesThe accusation served as a catalyst for the feuding tribes of the two political figures. President Kiir and Machar are from the Dinka and Nuer tribes respectively, and their political dispute only intensifies the inter-tribal opposition. Multiple outbreaks of violence and fighting now plague the already young and struggling nation. The Nuer White Army is an unorganized and unpredictable force which the former Vice-President cannot control. On 18 February, they targeted the oil rich city of MalakalRead MorePak Us Relations7976 Words   |  32 Page sLecture No. 1 25-10-210 KASHMIR ISSUE OUTLINE: 1. Background 2. Indian Perspective 3. Pakistan Perspective 4. Plebiscite 5. Partition 6. Independent and conclusion EARLY HISTORY: In the 18th century Kashmir was ruled by the Muslim Pashtun Durrani Empire. In 1819 Kashmir was conquered by the Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh. Following the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1845 and 1846, Kashmir was first ceded by the Treaty of Lahore to the East India Company, and shortly after sold by the TreatyRead MoreDubais Political and Economic Development: Essay38738 Words   |  155 Pagesexternally and internally. Samuel Huntington for example has reached this conclusion about Islam by examining data on ethnopolitical conflicts during the early 1990s. 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Just like the present day wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Israel, Congo, Iran are similar to war which took place in Italy, Germany, France, Russia and so on. In my opinion, globalization refers to collapse in the borders between countries in terms of trade, education, capital, politics and culture. GlobalizationRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesgrowth during a period in which developed countries saw their economies stagnate or decline. The global political environment remains volatile and uncertain, with ongoing conflicts in the Middle East and Africa and continuing tensions in Iran, North Korea, Iraq, and Afghanistan, especially as the U.S. role in these latter two countries evolves. On the economic front, failure to conclude important trade agreements, including the so-called â€Å"Development† Round of multilateral trade negotiations under

Unemployment in Australia last five years - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Unemployment in Australia last five years. Answer: Introduction: Unemployment in an economy is a persistent factor in all economy and over the time, it fluctuates depending upon the various factors. It stunts the economic development and growth of the country and influence the sustainability of the economy (Balewski 2015). Unemployment reduces the disposable income of the households leading them to fail to meet the autonomous expenditure (Guardiola and Guillen-Royo 2015). When it comes to Australian economy, the effect of unemployment has been persistent in the economy (Ball, Jalles and Loungani 2015). This essay is meant to analyze the unemployment in Australia during the last 5 years and it will discuss the various factors that have caused the economy to have it. Besides this, the essay will put some recommendations in order to overcome the burden of unemployment. Unemployment rate in Australia: With the rapid expansion of global economy and reduction in death rate around the world, unemployment has risen over the time in Australia (Saunders, Wong and Bradbury 2016). When it comes to Australia, then the economy is one of the most stable and sustainable western economy that has diverged economic structure. Though most of the job creation in Australia comes from the mining industry, but recent government spending has paved the path for new sectors, which is expected to provide more jobs (Fleming and Measham 2015). According to the figure 1 the unemployment rate of Australia is 5.4%, which is the lowest since 2013. Reduction in the level of unemployment is the direct implication of the fiscal and monetary reform of the country. During 2015, the unemployment rate was the highest, which was originated mainly because of the reduction in the demand in the world market. Besides this, cyclical unemployment was another leading factor that has caused the rise in unemployment (Cullar-Ma rtn, Martn-Romn and Moral 2017). With effective steps from the government, unemployment has felled and if the scenario remains constant, then the government is expecting to generate more than 2 million jobs within the next decade (Hajkowicz et al. 2016). Figure 1: Unemployment rate in Australia Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2018) Figure 2 depicts that the rate of unemployment for the age group of 15 to 64 years is comparatively moderate. Downward sloping curve of the figure 2, suggest that the more people are coming into the job market and higher level of participation rate of the Australian people has helped the government to curtail the unemployment rate for the country (Hawthorne 2016). Figure 2: Unemployment rate in Australia for 15-64 age groups Source: (Fred.stlouisfed.org, 2018) Family utilization level of Australia is predictable at 64.9% that highlights the country has contained the unemployment level to a steady state (Mavromaras, Sloane and Wei 2015). This level of unemployment acts as the stimulus to the economy according to the Keynesian theory of capitalism, however, it is higher than the 4% (Keynes 2016). Thus the country need to put more amount of focus to bring it down to the optimum rate of unemployment leading the country towards the better sustainability. Types and Issues of Unemployment in Australia: Level of unemployment in the Australian market is present since the time of great depression and it varies depending upon the aggregate demand of the mining industry (Cunningham 2015). Though Australia has diverse economy, but most of its employment generation comes from the mining industry. Thus whenever, there is any shock in the mining industry, the employment level tends to alter. This phenomenon can be seen by analyzing the economic performance of the Australian market during the 2006 to 2010. With reduction in demand in the mining industry, employment rose during that session. However, it is important to mention that Australian economy performed well compared to the other nations those have been facing recession during the 2008 with high demand of the mining products in the world market (Bamiatzi et al. 2016). Economists argue that employment is one of the drawbacks of the globalization and reduction in trade barriers has caused the Australian economy to face higher amount of u nemployment. In order to analyze the unemployment status of Australia and to discuss the various form of unemployment present in Australian economy during the last five year considering the participation rate and female employment status is important. With the help of participation rate, the number of active member in the total workforce of an economy can be analyzed. It aids to discuss the scope of job creation in the economy and analyzes how well it has performed during the stipulated time (Nguyen 2016). Higher level of participation rate depicts greater number of population of an economy is actively working or looking for work. Figure 3 depicts the labour force participation rate in Australia and according to the diagram it can be seen that presently the participation rate of Australian economy at moderate level. Though there has been a drop in participation rate back in 2014 owing to the political turmoil and reduction in demand of the mining industry, the economy was potent enough to bring back the participation rate to its mean once again by the end of 2016. Figure 3: Labour force participation rate in Australia Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2018) Women employment is another important factor that depicts the performance of an economy (Fuchs 2017). With higher level of women employment, it is expected that economy is growing towards sustainability. Figure 4 depicts the women employment of Australia and it describes that during the 2014, women employment was highest during the last five years. Comparing it with the Australian economic performance one can find that the economy has grown at a higher rate during the same period. However, during the third quarter of 2017, there has been a reduction in women employment and its impact can be seen in the total employment scenario from the figure 1. Figure 4: Female unemployment in Australia Source: (Fred.stlouisfed.org, 2018) One of the main reasons of the unemployment in Australia is structural unemployment. Besides this, there is frictional unemployment and cyclical unemployment that leads to rise in overall unemployment status of the country (Qi et al. 2015). Researchers have showcased that Frictional unemployment is the main reason of the reduction in employment status for the women, where as lack of long term employment along with the cyclical and structural unemployment is the main reason that has caused reduction in employment in the whole country (Jackson 2014). Government policies to address unemployment: Australian economy has a strong macroeconomic framework and the Australian government is aimed to reduce the unemployment level of all type. High labour participation rate and growth in productivity has aided the Australian economy to constrain the unemployment rate in the economy to a sustainable rate and it is expected that with rise in aggregate demand of the Australian mining industry, rate of unemployment will slid further (Carson and Kerr 2017). Political factors and the fund allocation are one of the main parameters that alter the rate of unemployment. Besides this, government expenditure and rise in level of infrastructural development is the driver that leads to high rate of employment. Australian government is aimed to produce 2 million jobs within next decade and in order to achieve this; government has restructured its fiscal as well as the monetary policies. Australian government is takes the fiscal risks into account and consider the national saving adequacy and the effect of policy on the future generation in order to curtail the level of unemployment (Argy and Nevile 2016). Besides this, government has taken various initiatives since 2010 to reduce the unemployment level. Some of the reform by the Australian government to reduce the unemployment in the economy is mentioned below (Gregory and Smith 2016): Council of Australian Governments has introduced National Reform Agenda (NRA) in order to bring in growth in productivity and enhance the labour participation rate. Government has introduced essential training institutes throughout the country, which are aided to provide necessary skills to the workforce to sustain in the job market. Government in their recent fiscal policies has provided emphasis to rise the labour force participation and as a result there is a rise in participation rate since 2016, depicted in figure 3. As a stimulus to the employment, government has brought in the mature ages worker tax offset. New resource allocation structure of the Australian government is aimed to provide equal distribution to all the sectors, which will certainly reduce the magnitude of disparity in the Australian service sectors, curtaining the level of unemployment. Though there were recession back in 2008 and the Australian mining industry has been going through stagnation since 2006, fiscal policies taken by the government has been fruitful for the last five years from now. Recently the Australian mining industry is facing boom with the rise in aggregate demand, which is acknowledged as the outcome of the fiscal policies of the Australian government. One of the major problems of the Australian economy was that they lack to produce long-term employment. However, recent reformation in the working sector and policies taken by the government has aided the Australian economy to provide long-term employment (Argy and Nevile 2016). When it comes to fiscal policies of the Australian economy, then the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) has taken strict steps to maintain the smooth flow of the economy. Monetary policies of the RBA have guided the Australian economy to reduce the scope of unemployment. RBA has taken strict actions against the Non Performing Assets of the banks, that has bought in the required liquidity in the market leading to rise in the job creation and decrease in the level of unemployment (Kriesler and Lavoie 2015). Thus, it can be said that government of Australia has a strong hold on its economy and with their fruitful monetary and fiscal policies; the government has able to curtail the level of unemployment for the country. Unemployment in Different States of Australia: Unemployment rate follows the economic cycle and depending upon the financial condition of the economy it changes over time. For instance, if the economy faces boom, then the unemployment rate tends to fall, and if the economy is falling or facing recession, then the magnitude of employment will rise (Christiano Eichenbaum and Trabandt 2016). Figure 5 shows that the unemployment structure of economy follows the economic cycle and over the period of 5 years, ranging from 2012 to 2016, the level of unemployment remained constant for the different regions of Australia. However, Western Australia faced the maximum reduction in unemployment during the 2013, owing to the rise in aggregate demand (Tonts, Plummer and Argent 2014). In the wake of global financial crisis back in 2008, Australian economy performed well due to rise in demand of Australian mining industry, which can be termed as the probable cause of reduction in unemployment during the same period. However, from the figure 5 it can be seen that Australian economy has faced a growth in unemployment since 2013, and the reason behind this is reduction in demand of Australian mining goods and rise in demand of Chinese products in the global market. Figure 5 shows a detailed comparison of unemployment rate of the various state in Australia and it describes that the rate of unemployment of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia, which are acknowledged as the economic hub of the country. There is a common belief that employment rate is lower in the Western Australia if it is compared with the recent seasonal data (Kotey and Rolfe 2014). Mining industry of the Australia is located in the part of Western Australia that makes it prone to employment shock due to change in demand and financial condition of the country. Rise in unemployment during 2013 supports the proposition and the Australian economy has faced a reduction in employment due to rise in Chinese products in the world market (Argy an d Nevile 2016). Figure 5: State wise unemployment rate Source: (Dividend.net.au, 2018) South Australia was the deprived section of the country, thus the government has taken strong initiatives to bring it into the line with the Western Australia. Recent infrastructural development along with the monetary support from the central government has aided the southern Australia to become more productive and reduce its unemployment. Moreover, there have been various private-public partnerships in the southern region of the country, which has aided these states to reduce its unemployment level. Recent fiscal and monetary policies from the government along with the structural changes in the labour market, has helped the Australia to reduce its overall unemployment rate that can be seen by the figure 5. Since 2016, there is a reduction in unemployment, which is direct outcome of the government policies taken back in 2010 to 2012. Thus, it can be said that, though there is disparity in the employment status of the various regions in the country, overall percentage of the unemploy ment is under a manageable situation. Recommendation: Unemployment in Australia is reducing at a steady state and the government is aimed to reduce it to further with a job creation of 2 million within next decade. In order to achieve this target the Australian government should take policies that can successfully reduce the unemployment level. Some of the recommendations for the Australian government to achieve their target are mentioned below: One of the main issues of Australian unemployment is lack of skill in the workforce. Thus, government should focus on long run strategy to develop the skill of the workers. High tax rate in Australia is another reason that causes voluntary unemployment. Thus, government should reduce the tax level that can be achieved through a reduction of tax in national insurance scheme. Government should take necessary steps to provide necessary stimulus to the aggregate demand that will enhance the scope of employment in a cyclical way and crowd out the curse of the unemployment from the economy. Increasing the work incentive is another good way to enhance the scope of employment and reduce the magnitude of unemployment. Conclusion: Unemployment is one of the prominent phenomenons that have been persistent in the western economic and Australia is no exception. The country has faced a high unemployment since the post cold war scenario back in 1970, however recent reform and structural changes of the economy has reduced the burden. The above analysis has displayed that the country has a strong macroeconomic structure along with effective government policies that has aided the country to reduce the magnitude of unemployment to a great extend. With high level of employment for the Australian citizen who lies within the 16 to 64 age groups depicts that the Australian economy has good amount of job creation, which will help the economy to curb the unemployment rate in coming years further. Moreover, rise in demand of the Australian mining industry will assist the country to crowd out the present unemployment rate from the country that will lead the country towards a sustainable rate of growth. To conclude it can be sa id that the unemployment rate of Australia is comparatively low compared to other developed nation and along with the high rate of growth; Australian economy will certainly be successful to achieve its target. References: Argy, V.E. and Nevile, J. eds., 2016.Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making. Routledge. Balewski, B., 2015. The Knowledge of Local Labor Market as a Determinant of Anti-Unemployment Counteraction.Journal of US-China Public Administration,12(5), pp.402-407. 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Dividend.net.au. (2018).3 Charts that shows Australia Unemployment Rate by State. [online] Available at: https://dividend.net.au/australia-unemployment-rate-by-state/ [Accessed 10 Jan. 2018]. Fleming, D.A. and Measham, T.G., 2015. Local economic impacts of an unconventional energy boom: the coal seam gas industry in Australia.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,59(1), pp.78-94. Fred.stlouisfed.org. (2018).Harmonized Unemployment: Total: Females for Australia. [online] Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LRHUTTFEAUQ156S [Accessed 10 Jan. 2018]. Fred.stlouisfed.org. (2018).Harmonized Unemployment: Total: Females for Australia. [online] Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LRUN64TTAUQ156S [Accessed 10 Jan. 2018]. Fuchs, S., 2017. Female Employment and Higher FertilityPolicy Goals in Perfect Harmony?. InDie transformative Macht der Demografie(pp. 127-137). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. 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Is HRM a worthwhile investment for an SME

Introduction Organizations’ management teams are increasingly appreciating the importance of human capital in an effort to improve their organizations’ competitive advantage (Kok 2003). This has led to an increment in the number of studies being conducted with regard to best practices of managing human resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is HRM a worthwhile investment for an SME specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has also been increased recognition of the purpose of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the modern economies. This realization illustrates that, there is a point of convergence between human resource management and small medium enterprises. Human resource management [HRM] deals with management of a firm’s workforce (Kok 2003). It is composed of a set of different but interrelated processes, activities, and functions that are aimed at attracting, developing, and retain ing an organization’s workforce. Some of the activities undertaken in HRM include employee recruitment, selection and formulation of effective appraisal and compensation scheme. Through HRM, organizations can develop and retain talented and energetic workforces that can contribute towards attainment of the formulated organizational strategies, missions, goals and objectives (Transky Heneman 2006). Additionally, integration of HRM practices and policies can significantly contribute towards a firm improving its performance. However, integration of HRM in SMEs is relatively low (Cooper Burke 2011). Previous studies reveal that, most SMEs do not make optimal use of HRM practices in their operations (Bacon, Hoque 2005). Some of these studies assert that, most SMEs tend to operate in a more flexible and informal manner compared to large enterprises. For example, Kok (2003) is of the opinion that, a firm’s size is directly related with its incidence towards HRM practices s uch as training and planning. However, small firms are less likely to invest in training for their employees, performance appraisal, and recruitment practices probably due to limited capital and revenues. HRM in SMEs is mostly characterized by administrative tasks whereas the more strategic matters are not perceived with the weight that they deserve. A study conducted by Hendry and others in 1991 reveals that, SMEs perceive investing in HRM as an additional undertaking beyond the level that is necessary to sustain their operations; a luxury that can only be afforded if the firm makes substantial profits (Kok 2003). However, considering the environmental uncertainty facing firms today, it is paramount for SMEs to evaluate their operational practices in order to remain competitive and HRM optimization is slowly becoming indispensable.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In additio n to being characterized as being informal, management teams of SMEs are also considered to be less specialized compared to large enterprises. Employees of SMEs tend to perform different tasks compared to large enterprises, which means that the level of specialization is relatively low. This aspect is well illustrated by a qualitative study conducted by Berkley and Heneman in 1999. The study took into account a random test on 117 SMEs whose human resource base was less than 100 employees. Findings of the study showed that, 15 of the SMEs considered had a human resource management department (Kok 2003). There is growing evidence that HRM practices tend to be sophisticated especially for SMEs. On the basis of the above analysis, it is evident that there is a significant level of deficiency with regard to HRM in SMEs. This paper is aimed at critically evaluating whether it is worthwhile for SMEs invest in HRM. Analysis of the trend of HRM Previous studies conducted have shown that, dev elopment of an effective workforce and organizational culture is one of the ways through which organizations can develop their competitive advantage. Firm and employee culture are considered to be some of the most fundamental aspects in the success of SMES. An example of such culture includes operating in a social responsible manner (Mankelow 2008). As a result, it is quite unprofessional for SMEs to continue underutilizing their human capital (Cooper Burke 2011). HRM has over the past decade become one of the most crucial aspects that both small and large organizations have to consider. There are a number of reasons that have contributed to this shift. Some of these reasons are explained in the paper. Currently, the business environment is increasingly becoming knowledge based. This means that firms are considering knowledge as an important source of competitive advantage. This has arisen from the high rate of globalization that is being experienced today (Knowles, Diamantis El-M ourhabi 2004). As a result of globalization, most economies are eliminating trade barriers thus presenting a challenge to firms through increased competition (Tsui Lai 2009). Therefore, it is paramount for organizational management teams to consider ways of enhancing their organization’s performances (Cooper Burke 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is HRM a worthwhile investment for an SME specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the development of the education sector in different economies, the workforce is becoming more and more educated. There has also been considerable growth with regard to employees’ expectations on working environment and quality work. Additionally, staff shortages have made firms experience intense competition for human capital. As a result, SMEs are reconsidering on the best practices that they can retain their talented workforce (Cooper Burke 2011). The importance of HRM in both large and SMEs is also being enhanced by the demographic changes occurring within the labour market. One of the demographic changes being witnessed arises from the fact that the workforce is becoming aged. As a result, it has become essential for SMEs to consider incorporating performance incentives and training and development initiatives in order to maximize on their employees’ working capacity. Organizations are also experiencing a significant transformation with regard to clients and customer expectations. As a result of customers and clients becoming more knowledgeable, they are demanding effective, efficient and high quality services and products (Cooper Burke 2011). Analysis of the changes occurring within the business environment reveals that, it is critical for businesses to consider ways of improving their competitive advantage through integration of HRM practices in their management practices. Theoretical frameworks formulated to explain the importance of HRM in SMEs A number of theories have been advanced to explicate the relevance of SMEs investing in HRM. One of the theoretical explanations is universalistic in nature. The theory is based on HRM best practices (Cooper Burke 2011). Through integration of HRM best practices, SMEs can attain considerable improvement in their performance. One of the ways through which this can be attained is by incorporating the concept of employee training and development (Jolly 2003). Findings of a study conducted in 2002 on the perspective of employee development in SMEs revealed that, training and development is an indispensable component in a firm’s effort to attain the desired growth. This arises from the fact that training and development contributes towards increased productivity within an organization’s workforce. Increase in productivity arises from the fact that employees perceive a higher opportunity for growth within such an organization. Training and development also e nhances the employees’ level of motivation. Despite the benefits associated with training and development, some parties are of the view that training and development can result into increased employee turnover as a result of poaching (Jolly 2003). However, for training to be successful in SMEs, management teams should ensure that it is well imbedded within the firm’s workplace, informal and flexible. The theory also asserts that incorporation of HRM by SMEs would result in adoption of performance based pay. According to Longenecker (2006), it is paramount for SMEs to acknowledge the importance of formulating a compensation plan that will contribute towards attraction and retention of well-qualified personnel.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the ways through which SMEs can achieve this goal is through incorporation of HRM best practices. Some of the elements that they should consider when formulating the compensation plan include competitive salary and wage levels, and financial incentives that will improve employee productivity. One of the financial incentives that are most effective in SMEs includes sharing profits. This arises from the fact that it is possible for SMEs to assess individual performance (Longenecker 2006). The second theoretical framework is behavioural in nature. The theory asserts that human resource management practices and policies have a significant influence on employees’ behaviour, for example, through organizational commitment, employee creativity and work engagement. These aspects consequently affect productivity, profitability and performance (Cooper Burke 2011). The third theoretical framework is economic in nature. This arises from the fact that significant cost is incurred i n the process of adopting formal HR practices. According to Phillips (2005), acquisition and maintenance of a strong workforce is quite expensive. There are numerous cost categories that are involved in the development of a strong workforce. Some of these are related to recruitment, selection, indoctrination, initial training, formulation of competitive compensation and reward systems, socialization and exit costs. This can be a challenge especially to SMEs compared to large enterprises. How HRM is worthwhile investing by SMEs There are a number of reasons that illustrate why it is worthwhile for SMEs to invest in HRM. For example, through incorporation of effective training programs, SMES can be able to derive more value from their workforces. This arises from the fact that the business will be able to effectively address the most pertinent issues facing its operation. Investing in HRM can also improve the employees’ attitude towards work. One of the ways through which this change of attitude is attained is by integrating effective leadership measures (Cooper Burke 2011). Findings of a study conducted in the US on leadership training revealed that revenues of firms that incorporate leadership training grow with a margin of more than 25% compared to their training cost (Cooper Burke 2011). This well illustrates the fact that training can result in improvement of SMEs financial performance. Additionally, investing in HRM can significantly improve the performance of SMEs through improved employee engagement. There are a number of ways through which organizations can achieve this; some of these include ensuring that the employees have a comprehensive understanding of their performance expectations. Additionally, SMEs should ensure that employees have sufficient resources to support successful completion of tasks. By investing in HRM, SMEs can be able to contribute towards staff development, improve on employee input, in addition to compelling the employe es to be focused towards attainment of organizational goals and mission. Integration of HRM in SMEs can also contribute towards development of a strong workplace culture. Work within the modern economy is becoming more and more demanding (Ulrich 1997). For example, organizations are demanding more from their employees with few resources. There has also been a decline in employment security, which is making the employees to reconsider their commitment and contribution to their employers (Ulrich 1997). However, incorporation of HRM by SMEs can significantly improve their performance in a number of ways. For example, HRM contributes towards development of an enabling environment for employees to work in. One of the reasons why organizations are experiencing a challenge with regard to employee turnover relates to the current global economic changes. Employees are constantly faced with the challenge of ensuring that they provide for their families. To achieve this, employees are consider ing improving their competitive edge within the labour market. To achieve this, employees are considering going back to school. The employees work demands coupled with their desire to enhance their competitiveness in the labour market are leading to increased stress levels amongst the employees. This arises from the fact that the employees are not able to balance between work and life. Occurrence of such a phenomenon would have adverse effects on the employees productivity and hence the organization’s performance and competitive advantage (Williamson, Lewis Massey 2011). Some of the HR practices that organization management teams should consider in order to deal with this challenge include incorporation of work-life balance and stress management policies (Williamson, Lewis Massey 2011). Effective formulation and implementation of work-life balance can be beneficial to SMEs through achievement of a healthier and happier life for the employees. One of the ways through which m anagement teams of SMEs can achieve this formulation is by integrating effective HR policies; for example, flexible career options and working hours (Cooper Burke 2011). Integration of such strategies can significantly improve the employees level of satisfaction and hence their productivity. Considering the competitive nature of the labour market, it is paramount for SMEs to ensure that they acquire a strong workforce (Michalski 2011). This can only be attained by ensuring an effective employee recruitment process. However, most SMEs do not consider investing their time and money towards developing their human capital. As a result, they do not have a formal employee recruitment process. Recruitment of a strong workforce in SMEs is also hindered by the fact that they are not well connected in the labour market (Cooper Burke 2011). Additionally, most SMEs tend to suffer image problem amongst job seekers. To improve on their ability of recruiting a strong work workforce, it is paramo unt for SMEs to be concerned on becoming more legitimate. To deal with this challenge, it is crucial for SMEs to consider investing in a comprehensive recruitment process. Through recruitment, an organization can attract a wide range of workforce to select from. SMEs should consider several issues in order to attract high-quality job applicants. For example, they should invest in initiatives aimed at making their organizations recognizable amongst job applicants (Hartman Spiro 2005). SMEs should also invest in developing human resource policies such as those used by large enterprises. This can be attained by outsourcing HR consultants to aid in the formulation and implementation of the policies. Such investment in HRM would have significant influence in SMEs’ operational efficiency. The recruitment process is followed by selection of the most qualified staff which is a relatively complex process (Harney Dundon 2006). Due to time and financial constraints, most SMEs conduct reactive selection and recruitment process. Additionally, a substantial proportion of SMEs do not have sufficient understanding on the requirements of a position intended to be filled. However, to ensure that they develop a strong workforce, it is critical for SMEs to invest in HRM practices such as employee selection and recruitment. Upon acquiring a strong workforce, it is paramount for management teams of SMEs to consider on the most effective ways of motivating and retaining employees. This arises from the fact that underperforming employees can be a threat to the success of SMEs. HRM provides a solution on the best practices of employee motivation. These strategies range from monetary to non-monetary benefits. Some of the non-monetary benefits include recognition of employee performance and promotions. To deal with underperforming employees, SME managers should ensure that they maintain constant communication with such employees in order to indicate what the firm expects of the m. Currently, SMEs can achieve this more effectively and efficiently considering the growth in information communication technology; for example, by using emerging social communication networks such as Twitter and video conferencing. This means that SMEs should invest in the current technology. Maintaining communication within an organization can significantly contribute towards development of a strong bond between employees and the management team (Cooper Burke 2011). SMEs, which have incorporated HRM in their operation, are able to deal with changes occurring in the business environment. This capacity to handle change easily is made possible by the fact that HRM enables organizations to undertake comprehensive human resource planning. As a result, they are able to evaluate and anticipate their current and future human resource needs. Therefore, investing in HRM can enable SMEs to be proactive in dealing with environment changes rather than being reactive. Conclusion The above ana lysis makes it evident that, SMEs do not pay much emphasis on HRM compared to large organizations. For example, studies conducted reveal that only a few SMEs have a functional human resource department. This means that, human resource activities are conducted more informally. There are a number of reasons that explain this trend. Some of the reasons range from lack of knowledge on HRM by management teams of SMEs to the high cost involved in implementing HRM. However, changes occurring within the business environment such as globalization have increasingly made SMEs to reconsider the role of HRM in an effort to survive in the challenging business environment. Despite this, the above analysis underscores the importance of HRM in SMEs. For example, despite investing in HRM policies and practices being costly to SMEs with regard to financial and time requirements compared to large organizations, there are numerous benefits that SMEs can achieve. Incorporation of HRM practices can contri bute towards improvement of SMEs’ competitive advantage in a number of ways. For example, by investing in training and development, SMEs can improve the employees working efficiency and effectiveness. Additionally, organizations that invest in training and development are more efficient with improving employee satisfaction. This arises from the fact that the employees develop a perception that the organization has an interest in their heart. This will consequently culminate in improvement of their productivity and hence their performance. Considering the dynamic nature of the business environment, it has become necessary for SMEs to shift their operations towards becoming knowledge-based to be competitive. This can only be achieved if SMEs undertake sufficient training and development. By investing in employee recruitment and selection, there is a high probability of SMEs developing a strong human resource base. The resultant effect is that the firm’s competitiveness w ill be enhanced. Additionally, if effectively formulated and implemented, investing in HRM practices and policies can result in the creation of an enabling working environment. This argument holds because HRM advocates for firms to incorporate strategies, which will contribute towards a high level of employee satisfaction. Some of these strategies relate to ensuring that the employees are well remunerated and their performance recognized by conducting sufficient performance appraisals. Investing in HRM increases the probability of SMEs to achieve their goals and objectives. One of the ways through which this scenario is made possible arises from the fact that HRM advocates for effective management of employees; for example, by integrating the concept of teamwork. Effective organizational leadership also plays a critical role with regard to enhancing cohesiveness in an organization. Considering the contribution of HRM towards organizational success, it is vital for SMEs to incorporat e the best HRM policies and practices, because as explicated in this paper, HRM is a worthwhile investment for SMEs. Reference List Bacon, N Hoque, K 2005, ‘HRM in the SME sector: valuable employees and coercive networks’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 16 no. 11, pp. 1976-1999. Cooper, C Burke, R 2011, Human resource management in small business: Achieving peak performance, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Harney, B Dundon, T 2006, ‘Capturing complexity: Developing an integrated approach to analyzing HRM in SMEs’, Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 16 no.1, pp. 48 – 73. Hartman, K Spiro, R 2005, Recapturing store image in customer-based store equity: A construct conceptualization, Indiana University, Indiana. Jolly, A 2003, Skills and Training Directory: A Complete Sourcebook of Best Practice and Training Providers, Kogan Page, London. 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